Case Study Report – Motorola

This case is about implementation of a new â€Å"shared vision† concept within The Analog Division of Motorola Company. In 1993 Analog division was a major manufacturer of analog products in the world and had its divisions in many different countries. In other words the division had strong global presence. In order to create more efficient global company, Alison and John have decided to develop new shared vision within The Analog Division where managers would be involved directly and indirectly in the decision making process. Before the new vision development, Analog Division and its managers was very limited in decision making. Because they had such a strong global presence their vision didn’t work. The problem was that they were not open to new global ideas or possible obstacles where managers around the world would make decisions together. Visioning process of Motorola’s Analog Division had number of cultural challenges. One of the challenges was the difference in the way different cultures perceived concept of â€Å"shared vision†. One of the key words in the vision statement was â€Å"family† and â€Å"union†. For instance, people in China take the word â€Å"family† literally and in their own setting this word is not appropriately applicable to vision statement. Another challenge was getting managers to think globally and get accustomed to the concept of shared vision. Many of the managers from different countries had their own cultural ways of doing things and to open ones ideas to others was hard to achieve. Alison and John had hard time communicating to managers that this idea is not imposed on them. The major barrier in the vision implementation was the language. Sometimes, the same words in one language have very different meaning in another. The following quote is good example of the language and communication style perception: â€Å"Good communication American style is to say what you mean precisely, in as straightforward a manner as possible. Be direct, get to the point, and say what the bottom line is. For other cultures, this style is rude, abrasive and self-centered†. (http://www. frugalmarketing. com/dtb/xcultcomm. html) Therefore, Alison and John were trying to be careful about this issue. They had vision statement written in five different languages. The important thing was that the vision statement was not just literally translated but rather adjusted to its own culture so people of that division have clear understanding of the vision. First cultural misstep that Alison and John made was their lack of research prior to the task. They have conducted research reg arding managers and the ways they communicate decisions overseas. They also gained insight of the success of each division but what they failed to consider some of the psychological cultural differences. They overlooked possibility of different reactions among the managers based on their background. For instance, some managers were afraid to lose their jobs where in fact that was not the case. We can see that from this quote† Every culture possesses a unique mixture of attitudes, values, and social expectations. I think that Seven Tasks process definitely added significant value to the final results. The way the tasks were broken down helped both, managers and Alison to have a better grasp of the vision statement process. It was easier to account for details and to adjust to reactions by going through steps. Phase four will definitely be challenging one. Working in a group is one thing but agreeing on the process could be challenging especially where different cultures are agreeing on one thing. Another additional challenge is taking the vision to the future and building upon it.

Mother and Mom

Though I admit the title of this essay is a bit generic and you have the right to assume â€Å"oh the author must be a mother’s boy† or â€Å"another essay for the mother’s day propaganda†. In this case my reminisce of my mother in the actual body of the text is not filled with only meager sentimentality or a message that we should all love our mothers, it is based on two convictions that are based off of thousands of years of painful human evolution.My first conviction is that the discovery of new knowledge can only come from the re-discovery of pre-existing knowledge- thus anything that you knew or already knew about the importance of our mothers that happens to be in the text will become new to you. My second conviction is that we take for granted what helps us, hurts us, and originates us. And since I brought up the word sentimentality I will bring my third conviction!We can’t always look at life from a purely philosophical basis, though the phi losophical basis is important for thinking, we must not forget those precious moments and experiences we share with our mothers when we were kids (that is if you had a loving mother- which unfortunately my mother didn’t). Thinking too much in a purely rigid philosophical-scientific basis causes us to be antisocial. From my experiences thinking too much in a purely sentimental way only makes us miss the past and scorn the future. Where on earth is that which makes me credible to state these convictions?Where can these convictions, be even discovered? They originate from most privileged people’s domain, only made possible by man’s discovery of fire- it is a place that comes alive when used and to the living acts as a double polarizable monism, its shape being a spiral- the kitchen. Every morning I would wake up completely focused and hell-bent on my tasks. I would ravage my somewhat clean but slightly disorganized room for clothes to wear. I would in haste make my simple but sometimes incomplete breakfast as I think of G-d, homework deadlines, and delude myself with my dreams and aspirations.As I am eating on the squeaky clean glass kitchen table, sitting on a chair covered in plastic, in the periphery of my eye I would see my mom or I would hear the sound of her flippers distinctly pattering on the granite tile in the kitchen. Sometimes I am quite nervous when I am around her, especially if I forget to clean some forgettable part of the kitchen. When the kitchen is dirty, or a section of the kitchen is dirty, in the morning, she can be either calm about it and tell us to clean what we missed, but sometimes she can explode on me and my younger sister.She would yell at us as if we have done some sort of criminal act. By habit my younger sister and I would make sure that the kitchen is clean before we go to bed to prevent our mom from being angry at us. But when my mom comes in the kitchen- as I feel the anticipation of her approval of the kit chen- and she accepts our work in the kitchen- the exact opposite of her authoritarian spirit comes out and it can be the most beautiful thing I can ever experience.This is how I live every day in my home- studying and cleaning the kitchen. The moment after I finish this essay†¦. Just guess it- I will be cleaning the kitchen. If I clean the kitchen every day how is it that I can forget to clean some forgettable part of the kitchen a rank more than occasionally? Is this the nature of man? He forgets and gets punished by Mother Nature herself. I forget to clean some part of the kitchen and I get punished by my mother.To be yelled at by my mother is humbling- it arrests my large as life ego, and renders my philosophy and view of life as meaningless. No philosophy can save me, all it does is make me live in my own world- not to the tasks and betterment of other people. This is the law of the re-education of cleaning the kitchen. Just as religious people re-educate themselves of the laws of the bible every Saturday or Sunday- the law of the re-education of cleaning the kitchen holds true- but instead of once a week it is every day.As Mother Nature has been punishing to mankind (if you read the news you know what I mean) it has been equally loving and forgiving, to enable us to experience life and allow us to even violate it’s laws- intentionally or not- only to realize what we have done, and to come back tearfully to our true pure selves. After being rattled by my mom, yelling at me to clean the kitchen, it is hard to remember that she had a loving side to her- if she had a loving side at all. After cleaning that pesky, forgettable part of the  kitchen- forgiveness, love, and kindness came.Thus is the love that encounters and embraces everything. My mommy can give the kindest, most real, greeting I have ever known. Even though she gives us kind greetings and positive connotations almost regularly it still has a powerful impact on my spirit every time she gives positive reinforcement. When I was a baby my mom would call me â€Å"Love† so she could cope with not getting angry with me as a baby and toddler- even as a teenager she still gives me the nicknameâ€Å"Love.† I was the only child she had that screamed at sonically high frequencies, regressed back to potty training when my younger sister was born, wanted to be tended to every waking minute, and escaped the house via garage(when I was three years old) to be found in a construction site with a red hat on top of my head. As a result my mom lost her health along with her temper, but she always made it her mission to be as kind to me, my older and younger sister, and allow us to pursue any path we want to take in life without interceding.I would compare my mom’s pattern of communication and mine to a spiral. I can tell that my mom tries to give us as much positive feedback as possible and to reduce or eliminate all negative feedback. She would theatrically lecture us on the use of positive feedback. As a pattern in the morning or as she is taking me to school she would be extremely kind by calling me by my nickname and telling me how happy she is to see me in college- in return I would tell her how happy I am to be in college and other endless miscellaneous subject matter that I can’t remember well enough to put on paper.Then when evening approaches some anxiety trickles in like a leaky faucet. My mom, though not going Mrs. Commando on us, would remind us to make sure to clean the kitchen, but she would make sure we listen very well, when we are doing homework or trying to make ourselves busy (I find that interruption terribly annoying). However, for my mom to tell us to clean the kitchen like a disciplinarian is absolutely necessary- because truthfully we wouldn’t have done the task if she didn’t remind us to do it- leading us back to the law of the re-education of cleaning the kitchen.I would even find this patt ern when I communicate to my mom, dad, younger, and older sister. When I communicate to my dad for example I am very sociable with him. We would have a positive exchange by showing or talking about our findings on music, movies, and other goofy things. But when I get busy with homework I have to tell him in haste, â€Å"Sorry, I have to get to work†. Only recently did I find out that my father felt it to be slightly negative and antisocial.This made me discover that we can only be slightly one way, or extremely different, turn into our opposite, and never find a true, absolute, and perfect balance in communication and other things in life in general. This statement seems even more apparent when I am around my family members 24/7. Nobody is perfect. We see what is opposite to ourselves and what enables our existence all the time. Kids at a young age imitate their parents- we are all a product of our environment. Then we look in the mirror to see what the environment has made o ut of us- beautiful, different, and unique individuals.To find the perfect balance is to erase ourselves from existence- we would not be seen in the mirror- only the background environment. I always thought the struggle was to become permanently perfect forever- make your plan and you will achieve your goals. It is actually to constantly rebuild yourself after failure throughout life- this is what my mom showed me-like a spiral. This helped me find internal peace. Why can’t the kitchen stay clean? We use kitchen. Kitchen gets dirty. We clean kitchen again. We use kitchen. Kitchen gets dirty. We clean kitchen again†¦

Regionalism: Faulkner “A Rose for Emily” Essay

Emily Grierson- A mysterious woman who had secrets kept and a puzzlement to the community around her. †¢Colonel Sartoris- The man who reassured her that she would not need to pay taxes or anything. †¢Tobe- A loyal servant that fed and took care of Miss Emily as well as her secrets of which he never told anyone. †¢Judge Stevens- He acquired new solutions to the community complaints of and about Miss Emily I suppose as respect for the elderly woman. †¢Homer Barron- A man that came into Miss Emily’s life who after a while was not seen again until the day Miss Emily died and was found in a bedroom upstairs decaying. Part II: â€Å"A Rose For Emily† Questions 1.What metaphor is used to describe Miss Emily in the first paragraph? In the first paragraph they described Miss Emily as a Fallen Monument. 2.How is the house personified in the second paragraph of the story? The house is personified as a beautiful house at first with scrolled balconies, cupolas, spires and beautiful flowers. Then towards the ending of the paragraph the house is withered with time and left un developed while as the houses around hers develop and acquire a new style. Miss Emily’s house was described as an eyesore. 3.What had Colonel Sartosis done for Miss Emily in 1894? Colonel Sartosis remitted Miss Emily’s taxes with a dispensation dating from the death of her father and on to perpetuity. 4.What did the next generation of town leaders do on the first year? The alderman issued Miss Emily a notice to pay her taxes and when that hadn’t been claimed they issued another and when the same happened they decided to send people to her house to have a discussion on the issue. 5.How does Faulkner describe Miss Emily in the Sixth paragraph? In the sixth paragraph Miss Emily is described as a small, fat woman in black, with some jewelry and an old and weathered face. 6.At the beginning of Part II, how long had Emily’s father been dead? At the beginning of Part II in the story Miss Emily’s father had been dead for 2 years. 7.What are the neighbors complaining about? What does Judge Stevens say probably has caused it? Judge Stevens is being complained to by the community about the odor of Miss Emily’s home. The judge says that it is probably a dead snake or animal that her Negro servant has killed. 8.What did Miss Emily tell her visitors the day after her father’s death? After hearing of Miss Emily’s fathers death the community come to the house to share their condolences and when they do Miss Emily tells them that her father isn’t dead only to find her realization 3 days later. 9.Who began to date Miss Emily in Part III, and why was he in town? Homer Barron a young construction worker dated her the summer after her father’s death. Homer was in town to pave the sidewalks. 10.What did the townspeople think of Miss Emily and her new boyfriend? At first people were glad for Miss Emily but others thought that it wasn’t right because of Homer’s job. 11.What does Miss Emily do to make the townspeople think that she and her boyfriend have wed?Miss Emily went and bought a suit and nice dress shoes.The towns people thought that Miss Emily and Homer would marry but as time passed by a wedding wasn’t held and the ladies of the town thought that it was a bad example for the younger people so finally they sent the Bishop to Miss Emily’s home. When the Bishop returned from the home he did not speak of the interview. The Bishop’s wife wrote to Miss Emily’s family and when the ladies heard this they thought that Miss Emily had wed. 12.When was the last time the townspeople saw her boyfriend/husband? One evening a neighbor saw Homer welcomed in to Miss Emily’s home shortly after Miss Emily’s cousin’s left town. That was the last that the town saw of Homer Barron. 13.Why had the men sprinkled lime around her house in Part II? After some complaints to the judge of the odor of Miss Emily’ s house the men wanted to confront Miss Emily but the judge said it would be rude so he told them to sprinkle lime around the Home so that the odor would be gone. 14.There is a room upstairs no one has seen for over forty years. After Miss Emily’s funeral, the door to this room is broken down. What do the townspeople find there? After breaking down the door the towns people find the clothes that Miss Emily has bought shortly after Homer came in to her life and also Homer himself. 15.What happened to Homer Barron? Comment on the second pillow on the bed in the last paragraph while responding to this one. Homer Barron was found dead. I believed he was murdered with the poison that Miss Emily had bought from the druggist. A strand of Miss Emily’s hair was found on the pillow next to where he lay.

Critically discuss the relationships between tourism and leisure Essay - 1

Critically discuss the relationships between tourism and leisure behaviour, and the implications of these relationships for the understanding and management of tourism - Essay Example It is widely acceptable however, that leisure and tourism as areas of research have developed in complete seclusion. For example, Smith and Godbey (1991) commented that while there is evidence that attitudes are changing, the "traditions of recreation and leisure studies have historically ignored tourism". Throughout this paper, the implications of these relationships will be analyzed, in terms of psychological and sociological concepts as well. For their importance, when it comes to understanding and managing the tourism industry. People are classified into economic status, cultures, gender and skill. The perception of leisure is compound and based on factors such as social, economic, cultural and political factors. It has four major approaches; first approach is defined as leisure as time, then is leisure as activity, third is the attitude based approach and leisure as a state of mind while the fourth approach is leisure as a quality of action. Murphy (1974) defines leisure as â€Å"The most common conceptualization views leisure as that portion of time which remains when time for work and the basic requirements for existence have been satisfied. Leisure can be viewed as casual behavior in which people engage during free time. If we accept the notion of prepotency and the idea of different levels of need, then we can re-state the Aristotlean definition of leisure. Leisure is the state or condition of being free from the urgent demands of lower level needs.† (Murphy, 1974). It is therefore a mental and spiritual attitude. Tourism refers to travel for frivolous, spare time or business purposes. There is a variety of different perspectives when it comes to defining tourism. Tourism is about an activity that covers dealing with different people, individual behaviour, utilization of resources and different environments (Ball, 1995). As per Burkart & Medlik (1981), tourism definitions can either be technical or

IAQ & Thermal Comfort Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IAQ & Thermal Comfort - Research Paper Example Both regional and international standards have been developed to prescribe indoor environmental conditions that are safe for buildings’ occupants. In order understand how these factors (Thermal comfort and indoor air quality) affect the quality of life people leave indoors, it is important to know the various aspects affecting them. This research paper, therefore, aims at discussing and understanding the various factors that affect the quality of indoor air (known as Indoor Air quality, IAQ), and factors that affect human thermal comfort. The paper also aims at discussing the relationship that exists between thermal comfort and Indoor Air quality. The research paper will also discuss challenge of combination and maintenance of these factors (Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air quality) in Saudi Arabia, among others. Indoor air quality Description Indoor air quality can be described as the quality of air around and within structures and buildings which people occupy (Amissah, 2005). This quality of air is related to the comfort and health of individuals who occupy these structures and/or buildings. An â€Å"accepted indoor air quality† can be defined as an air condition in which majority of the occupants are satisfied with it, and in which there is no accumulation of contaminants to levels that can affect humans negatively (harm occupants) (Amissah, 2005). The quality of indoor air depend on a number of factors, among them include: quantity, strength and type of indoor emissions and quality, quantity and type of air outdoor. In order to ensure that indoor air conditions are comfortable and at accepted levels, the spaces that exist indoors must receive sufficient amount of clean outdoor air (Al-ajmi, 2010). In addition to receiving sufficient amount of air, indoors should be ventilated. During ventilation it should be ensured that all the spaces indoors receive air that is not contaminated with harmful microbiological components or chemicals which are ha zardous in nature (Amissah, 2005). In summary, the quality of indoor is normally affected by outdoor climate, variations in operations that take place in buildings or structures, and activities of the building occupants. Before proceeding to discussing more about the factors that affect quality of indoor, it is important that certain terms and expression that relate to indoor air quality are understood. These terms include: a) Perceived air quality b) Standard person c) Olf (Amissah, 2005) Perceived air quality Perceived air quality can be defined as the fraction of percentage of people who are dissatisfied (Amissah, 2005). Meaning that, it is the fraction of people who feel that the quality of air in a space just after entering in is not acceptable. Perceived air quality is measured in decipols. One decipol is considered as the quality of perceived air in a space that is polluted with a pollution source of one olf, and is ventilated using clean air fed at a rate of 10 liters per se cond. Olf This is unit for measuring amount of pollution generated by occupants of a building or a structure (Al-ajmi, 2010). It is estimated a standard person generates pollution of one (1) olf. Standard person A standard person can be defined as an average sedentary individual (adult) who works in an office, and feels neutral in terms air and thermal quality, or an average office worker who is not

Equity and Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equity and Debt - Essay Example However, this is balanced by the requirements of the debt covenant to regularly service that debt; that is, the company regularly needs to make payments to the issuer of the debt to cover the principle they borrowed and the interest required by the debt covenant. This detriment is offset in some regard through the reduction in tax liability (Seidman, 2005) – in short, the payment of debt reduces the amount of income that the company is taxed upon. Equity financing carries with it its own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages. Chief among the advantages of equity financing is the existence of no repayment period of the capital used to expand the business (Seidman, 2005). Since the capital is raised through individuals or businesses buying a share of both the company and its future earnings, the rewards for providing the capital come through an expected increase in the value of their investment. This, however, translates into a disadvantage of equity financing. Namely, wh ile profits are expected to increase, the â€Å"pie† is now being divided into more pieces, thus reducing the value of the existing stakes. Further, with the issuance (or release) of additional stock into the market to support an equity financing endeavor, the company becomes more susceptible to outside influences, whether through potential takeovers or through some loss of control of the decision-making process (Seidman, 2005). I neither fully agree nor fully disagree with management’s decision to proceed with equity financing instead of the intended debt financing in the expansion of their manufacturing capabilities. Equity financing makes sense, especially in light of the 305% rise in the company’s stock price over the past year (American Superconductor, 2003). Management is able to take advantage of the ability to raise capital with less dilution of current stockholders’ shares than would otherwise be expected in an environment of stable share price. Debt financing, too, makes sense in regard to the fact that with the government project becoming profitable a quarter ahead of expectations and with the massive savings in operating expenses, debt financing would have been rather easy to service (American Superconductor, 2003). Using that approach, no dilution of stockholder value would be necessary and there would be no potential for a loss of corporate autonomy. Further, with an eye again to lower future operating costs and an unexpectedly profitable revenue stream, debt financing would have lowered the potential future tax burden that the company will soon be faced with. Instead of management undertaking either approach, I believe that a third option would be best. With the company’s results that lent themselves to support debt financing as well as a nearly doubling of revenue company-wide over the past year, management could have funded the entire endeavor through retained earnings had the expansion decision been put off for a short period of time (American Superconductor, 2003). This approach would prevent any dilution of share value, any potential loss of autonomy, and would avoid the seemingly unnecessary burden of additional indebtiture at a time when the company is flush with cash. Having made the decision to raise the capital through equity financing, management needs to determine what the cost of equity truly would

Challenges of Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges of Global Leadership - Essay Example Environmental scanning refers to the communication to internal stakeholders on how external issues are likely to affect the operations of a business. The scanning also entails the identification of the specific questions that the company is bound to face due to the continuous changes that are taking place in the different aspects of the external environment. The scanning helps reveal the threats and opportunities to an organization and helps global leaders to overcome the challenges that they are faced with by providing a chance for development of alternative courses of action (Binscoff, Mayer, & Quick, 2015). One of the roles of global leaders operating in a changing environment is the identification of the possible threats to his business. Leaders are charged with identifying the issues that the company may face due to the frequent changes in economic, technological, social and political sectors. Through environmental scanning, the leaders can identify the threats and also define possible solutions. Secondly, the leaders recognize the opportunities that arise for the business as a result of the changes that occur (Lawrence, 2015). Global leaders have to determine new opportunities to ensure that they remain in business regardless of the changes that occur. In this light, there is need to invest in research to identify opportunities that remain unexploited that would help an organization overcome the challenges it faces. Moreover, global leaders should always remind the subordinates of the mission, vision and objectives of the business to ensure that changes and challenges they face do n ot cause them to deviate from their fundamental goals. It is only by doing this that leaders remain on top of a situation and identify changes when they arise (Bennis, 2015). One of the challenges of global leadership is team building, team development, and team management. Due to the frequent changes

Defense Budget and Sequestration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defense Budget and Sequestration - Assignment Example An extra $88.5 billion is required for ongoing military operations, chiefly in Afghanistan( Klein, 2013). The FY 2013 budget requirement is the first budget proposal subsequent to the enactment of the Budget Control Act (BCA) OF 2011. The BCA establishes the budget limits for the unrestricted component of the federal and integrates an enforcement tool, understood as a sequestration, devised to cut spending by design. The BCA as well was responsible for creating the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, generally referred to as the Super Committee; furthermore, the BCA charged it with establishing an extra $1.2 trillion in deficit minimization over the foreseeable decade. Since the Super Committee failed to arrive any consensus on extra deficit minimization, the constitution requires that the budget limits be reduced to accomplish the $1.2 in the debit diminution through spending cuts. Just of a half of these reductions pertain to the budget explanation for national defense and the other remaining part pertains to non-defense accounts(Klein, 2013). Most estimation suggests that the United States is on the brink of shaky monetary path under the present federal tax and prerogative regimes. The lack of essential reforms many pundits say that the nation’s increasing debt poses a great long-standing threat to the United States national security, and that Pentagon’s budget will finally be sidelined by compulsory social spending plans. Over the past few years, Washington h as debated numerous debit reduction proposals, but a primary legislative bargain has proved obscure. Last month in March 1, sequestration went into effect. For Monetary Year 2013, the reductions total $85 billion, half of which is spent on defense. Where most political pundits surmise that some defense cuts should be part of an exhaustive debit reduction agreement, they show anxiety that the sweeping monetary austerity that began in March

Incident at Oglala Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Incident at Oglala - Movie Review Example At preliminary glance, the main focus is on the shooting on the reservation which clearly flaunts violence. But if glimpsed upon a different perspective, the film also tackles the positive power of concinnity among the traditional natives. American Indian Movement, an organization established by natives, is a quintessence of unity among its people. During that time, the reservation is a clear cut picture of a forlorn landscape. Despondency is a norm, but the cohesiveness of the indigenous people has been evidently seen through the foundation of AIM. The respect for their culture and amongst the full blooded natives prevails. Leonard Peltier’s obedience to his Indian values has also been accentuated through his statements. He mentioned that being an AIM warrior makes him responsible to other people, whether it is menial task like fixing houses. Although the film is obviously made to illuminate Peltier’s innocence, it is noteworthy that Michael Apted made an effort to inc lude interviews from former FBI agents and members of the prosecution. This is certainly an attempt to make opinions of opposing parties known. Before the shooting at Oglala, there is already an atmosphere of violence throughout the reservation due to tribal conflicts. Traditional and nontraditional Indians are in dispute. This infighting has left many American Indians dead. Women and children ingenuously lost lives when caught in cross fires. Most of those who managed to survive may presumably suffered psychological trauma. The part that had made the situation worse was the ostensible ignorance on the part of the government. According to the film, the death toll is the highest in this area than of any other places in the country. On the day of the shooting, not only did two federal agents died, a native also died in the person of Joe Stuntz. Nobody was sued for the killing of the said native. The government is presumably either taking

Argument Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of Legalized Marijuana - Research Paper Example The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon. The economic feasibility of decriminalizing marijuana has become a much-discussed subject in recent years. The federal government presently spends a lot of capital on law enforcement to combat distributors and producers of drugs. By legalizing drugs this could eradicate much of the profit, bloodshed, and corruption of that trade. If legalizing drugs is to have a positive effect on the crime rate, drugs must be made both inexpensive and available. Studies have repetitively suggested that prohibiting marijuana in the U.S. has not shown to be efficient or effective. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, â€Å"U.S. ... â€Å"Many critics argue that the increased toughness of that policy has done more harm than good. Some go so far as to suggest that drugs should simply be legalized† (Caulkins, et al. 2005). If marijuana were legalized, governments would have the ability to regulate quality and, like alcohol, the ages allowed to purchase and the ability to add safety warnings to help educate users. People in this country who only use small amounts of marijuana have routinely been arrested and jailed for mere possession; actions that don’t take drugs off the streets or persuade more people to quit using them. At the same time, imprisoning those who possess marijuana creates a burden on society as tax dollars must be increased to support these people who are no longer free to secure employment outside prison. The domino effect of this circumstance puts more children and their families onto the welfare role, contributing to their consequential failure and dependence on society. (â€Å"En gland.† 2006) â€Å"In the United States, drug use is illegal and the police hunt down drug users to throw them in prison. Four thousand people died from illegal drugs in the US last year and we now have more than 600,000 people in prison on drug charges.†Ã‚  

Introduction to Property Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Property Assignment 2 - Essay Example The inspection process largely depended on the information provided by the real estate agency on its website. The key inspection criteria included general features, type of the property, number of bedrooms, building materials, physical location and building size among other features. Having used the map to trace the property’s physical location, I took its photo and used for further inspection. This property was first found by research from the internet on the list of properties that have been sold in Melbourne recently. A lot of information regarding this property was found in several sites including those owned by real estate agents. The process of inspection involved checking of the basement, heating system, air-conditioning, plumbing, roof and electrical system among other aspects of the property. Other important issues that I assessed included maintenance and fire and safety aspects. For additional examination, I used the location map to visit the property and took a photo. This photo was used to examine the physical features of the property. Through the inspection I found that the house was sold on 10th January 2013 for $298, 500. This property was initially found on the websites of realestate.com.au, whereby the preliminary examination was done. At this state, features such as the number of bedrooms and bathrooms, indoor features, wardrobe features, courtyard, fencing, and evaporative cooling were inspected. Also, the address and the location map were obtained from the website. Next, additional information regarding the factors that could have influenced pricing and salability of the property was obtained from a local agent, and augmented with internet research on factors that influence similar transactions. I finally visited the property’s physical location, took a photo and a used it for further

ObamaCare is Driving a Wedge Between the Socio-Economic Classes Essay Example for Free

ObamaCare is Driving a Wedge Between the Socio-Economic Classes Essay The Affordable Care Act is amplifying the difference between socio-economic classes because the ACA encourages employers to cut employee hours. The mainstream of college students hold jobs while studying so that they can pay rent and phone bills, and occasionally go to the movies or out to dinner. We get the money for these bills and happenings through bi-weekly paychecks. We work hard, usually for forty to fifty hours a week, and are compensated near minimum wage. Although miniscule, it is still enough to cover the daily expenses in our lives and to have a bit left over for extraneous items, however if hours are lost then this will not be the case for us students. Big businesses for example, are often the ones who disburse paychecks to people attending college. They offer entry-level jobs that are easy to come by, are constantly expanding, and have a high turnover rate. Large corporations, such as Regal Entertainment Group, Five Guys Burgers, and Petco, are cutting employee’s hours down to less than thirty a week. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) supports employers to provide health insurance to employees working full-time (thirty-plus hours weekly). By cutting the  hours, people are no longer are entitled to health insurance provided by the employer. The lower class of the U.S. economy consists of a demographic of people whose hours are being cut. A continuing decline of hours will only result in more financial burdens on the employees. Losing eleven hours could mean an individual who manages paying for groceries as well as car insurance with the same paycheck may have to start choosing between the two when receiving future checks. In addition to cutting hours, many employers are limiting hiring to avoid spending more money on health coverage. Robert Samuelson supports the idea that the ACA’s costs and complexities are going to deter some companies from hiring, and that it would be divisive to the socio-economic classes. In â€Å"Both Sides May Lose the battle over Obamacare† from October 25’s Register-Guard, Samuelson states that as a result of employers not being able to afford health care for all employ ees, hours must be cut. A business only has reduce hours to under thirty a week in order to avoid paying health care. Once this cut is made, a previously full-time employee is taking home 100-200 dollars less each paycheck. This unfortunate trend will continue and even increase: 15% of larger employers and 20% of small businesses plan to reduce employees’ hours or benefits according to a recent survey by the International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans. Small businesses play an important role in the U.S. economy and are a strong driver of job growth and innovation. But small business are severely disadvantaged by the current U.S. health care system relative their larger counterparts. A new report by the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) examines the challenges faced by smaller firms under the current health care system, and the likely impacts of health care reform on small business and the workers they employ. This implicit tax disadvantages small firms in both the market for the best workers and the market for their products. For example, both Trader Joe’s and Home Depot have stopped providing health care to part-time employees, and Forever 21 plans to cut hours and reclassify some employees as part-time. In fact, businesses all over the country, compelled by the financial strain introduced by the ACA, are making similar decisions. Once the ACA goes into effect, even more businesses will be forced by the financial reality o f the Act to reduce employee hours. As the wage earning potential of part-time employees falls, we can expect more extreme changes to the economy. Among these changes, businesses are now expecting employees to find and fund their own health care. This is nearly impossible when many workers are already living below the poverty line. Irrespective of how small the premiums will be, it will still over-burden many employees. There will be times ahead when many Americans are going to have to choose between paying for their health insurance and paying a monthly bill; disturbing when you consider the children and people with disabilities. Even after these employment cuts, the White House claims that the number of part-time employees that are looking for full-time work remained the same during the month of September at 7.9 million employees. Jason Furman, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advises said, We are not seeing any effect in the data. With this data being manipulated, it would appear that all of the employees that have been reassigned as part-time workers are okay with it. This is not the case; businesses have unt il 2015 to cut hours and avoid paying for employee healthcare. The number of part-time workers looking for full-time work will steadily increase over the next twenty-four months; the statistics need to be revisited when people are more aware of cuts that businesses are enforcing. People who fall below the poverty line will pay less for health care compared to those who are in the middle class. Based on individual/family income, people may be eligible for tax credit subsidies through state-ran exchanges. Based on household income, people are placed in different subsidy brackets. Even with the tax credits, people have no choice but to take home less money and to pay out of pocket for health insurance that they previously did not want. Many businesses have claimed they are not cutting hours, but instead are holding off on hiring because of costs caused by the ACA mandates. Employers who postpone hiring are still damaging to the economy. In fact, postponing hiring can do just as much damage, if not more to the economy than cutting hours. People would much rather have fewer hours at a job, than no job at all. In turn, this also increases the unemployment rate, thus driving the wedge between social classes even deeper. Any employer that cuts hours to avoid paying h ealth insurance will create a bigger difference between the socio-economic classes. By taking away hours that an employee is able to work at a business, the employee has no choice but to take home less money in their paychecks. Earning less money reflects  directly on their socio-economic class, setting them farther apart from the wealthier individuals on the scale. Without resolution, cuts in full-time employment will increase the gap between socio-economic classes. It is making the poor even poorer, and separating the less wealthy from the rich even more then they already are. The economy is going to fall into a slump, people will not be able to pay car payments, nor provide adequate food for their families. What is going to happen to our country, the country that is based on the forty-hour workweek, if corporate business does not cease their greedy actions? Our only option is to wait and see what happens. Works Cited Conover, Chris. Who Can Deny It? Obamacare Is Accelerating U.S. Towards A Part-Time Nation. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 31 July 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. economic effects of health care on small business. executive office of the president council of economic adviers (2009): 18. health reform . summary of the affordable care act (2013): 13. McVeigh, Karen. US Employers Slashing Worker Hours to Avoid Obamacare Insurance Mandate. The Guardian. The Guardian, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. Myers, Lisa, and Hannah Rappleye. Obama Admin. Knew Millions Could Not Keep Their Health Insurance. NBC News. NBC, 28 Oct 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. Nicks, Denver. Trader Joes Explains Why Its Cutting Health Benefits For Part Timers. Swampland.Time.com. Time Magazine, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

Nursing Research Improve Patient Outcomes Trans Cultural Nursing Nursing Essay

Nursing Research Improve Patient Outcomes Trans Cultural Nursing Nursing Essay Art and science (2009) claims the five steps of EBP are: asking an important clinical question, collecting the most relevant and best evidence, critically appraising the evidence, integrating the evidence with ones clinical expertise and patient preferences to make a practice decision, and evaluating the outcomes of that decision. Some barriers to incorporating EBP to improve patient outcomes include funding sources, poor access to quality information, lack of leadership, motivation or strategy. From an education perspective found that 83% of participation from various professions in primary care had never undertaken a research course, indicating that only 17% of participants had done so. This suggests that critical appraisal skills and discernment in applying research findings are likely to be lacking in this group. (37) Education is essential for research to improve patient outcomes and to help generate more EBP. Nursing Research to Improve Patient Outcomes through Evidence Based Practice and Trans-Cultural Nursing Globalization has transformed the workplaces around the globe including the health sector and health profession like nursing. Such phenomenon significantly led to the emergence of trans-cultural nursing. Trans-cultural nursing as study and practice in nursing that focus on differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health, and illness based upon the peoples beliefs, practices and cultural values wherein such knowledge and skills , are utilized by the professional nurse to provide cultural specific or culturally congruent nursing care to people. Trans-cultural nursing is applicable in nursing homes and hospitals of culturally diverse patients and colleagues. It addresses the issue intertwined with cultural diversity in the nursing field in different venues of which the professionals are guided on how to deal with the complexities associated in providing nursing care to culturally diverse elderly patients as well as their colleagues as implied by the article research Leiningers Transcultural Nursing Model by C. Cameron and L. Luna. It implies the complex ways of different ethnic groups expression of their respective cultures and societies to find expression as they merge in a healthcare venue like the nursing homes of the elderly of which I experienced working. From the diverse forms taken by culture over time and space stem the uniqueness and plurality of the identities and cultural expressions of peoples and societies that make up the healthcare patients of today. It is a fact that cultural differences naturally produce conflicts in a culturally diverse healthcare firm like the nursing home composed of culturally diverse patients especially when tolerance and mutual respect are not present or there is prevalence of racism or any forms of bigotry. Healthcare Institutions or organizations and communities that are composed of divers e members or population/patients have innate individual differences and opposing paradigms peculiar to their counter parts/each other entwined with communication and language barriers, political beliefs, different sets of values, religion, personal-moral-ethical and philosophical paradigms. Such conditions are fertile grounds of misunderstandings that eventually lead conflict if not cope up or proactively addressed by the leaders or the administrators of the healthcare firm and the culturally diverse members themselves and their patients who are also came from different ethnic groups which makes the knowledge of trans-cultural nursing very important to make ones profession efficient and productive in providing the healthcare needs of culturally diverse patients (Cameron and Luna, 1996). As this research article utilized the survey and research method in formulating this study that would help nursing profession more productive, efficient and innovative in todays workplace entwined wi th culturally diverse patients, and colleagues. This also implies that nurses today must find the ways and means to adapt to the increasingly culturally diverse patients and must know how to utilize the known tools of transcultural nursing in order for them to be effective in giving the best service for their patients that consequently make their firms competitive in the market. It is a major challenge facing the nursing profession is to educate and assist nurses to develop the skills to provide culturally relevant care (Hughes, 2007, p. 57). The knowledge and experience I gained with the said patients have shown how complex the nursing profession is especially in this age where cultural divergence is becoming a norm intertwined with the healthcare firms and system. Such present condition creates the need for nurses to be constantly updated with the latest trends in transcultural nursing and utilize tools like Gibbs model of reflection (Gibbs reflective cycle) and Giger   Davidhiz ars models as the very sources on how to innovate ones profession, skills and interaction with patients and elements in the workplace proactively, efficiently and productively as nursing professional. As these kind of tool emphasized the importance of reflection. Reflection in the nursing profession is very important in helping improving the quality of nursing care towards the culturally diverse patients. Transcultural Nursing significantly conforms to the ethical principles of utilitarianism (which emphasizes the importance of giving happiness to the greatest number of people) as it would empower professional nurses to analyze their own selves and professional performance particularly on their respective strengths and weaknesses. It enables them to mitigate their weaknesses through acquisition of more in-depth knowledge derived from the implications of trans-cultural nursing and latest trends of nursing profession, new skills through profession empowering workshops and new work ven ues that cater diverse patients and retraining if necessary. With regards to their individual strengths trans-cultural nursing will help improve their way of caring the culturally diverse patients as well as their interpersonal skills with their colleagues, superiors and other people in the workplace. The knowledge and application of Trans-cultural nursing definitely change their behavior towards their profession and towards their patients which would positively impact their cognitive, affective and psycho-motor functions in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities as a professional nurse confined in the culturally diverse workplace. Acquiring skills and knowledge through job exposure or experience are the most concrete form of learning, so professional nurses must find the ways and means to acquire it from such venues as much as possible. To end, Experience and training in intercultural nursing are very important elements in nursing profession and providing healthcare service t o the elderly with multicultural backgrounds wherein lack of it makes them incompetent. Because of the lack of skills on how to utilize it on the field which makes tools like Gibbs model of reflection and combined exposure on the highly diverse field necessary. It is important for me to understand the dynamics of nursing profession to assist the culturally diverse patients and to retain, attain, or maintain optimal system stability particularly in providing their healthcare needs whether in nursing homes or in hospitals. As inadequacy of cultural and care knowledge are the missing link to nursings understandings of the many complex variations required in patient care who have different cultural backgrounds to support compliance, healing, and wellness. Therefore, it is a must that every nurse should be equipped with the skills and knowledge of trans-cultural nursing. Cameron, C., Luna, L. (1996). Leiningers transcultural nursing model. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A. L. Whall Ed. Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application. Stramford, CT: Appleton Lange. Hughes, K. H. and Hood, L. J. (2007). Teaching Methods and an Outcome Tool for Measuring Cultural Sensitivity in Undergraduate Nursing Students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, issue 18, pp. 57-62

Methodologies of data collection

Methodologies of data collection The standard and procedure of data collection and gathering can be done by formal and informal way and then, after collecting that data, you do analysis on this data and is called data collection or anthology. In this part of the research procedure, researcher uses different methods and procedures. These methods can include of interviews, surveys, Questionnaires and observation. The most difficult part after collecting the data is the analysis and presentation of this data. The data collection for this research work has been done by using Questionnaires, Interviews and observation of the self service checkout systems, customers and staffs etc. (Saunders et al 2009) Desk research or secondary data collection desk research or secondary data collection, the researcher uses already available data about the proposed research topic in the form of research paper, Books, Journals, Un-published research work, Newspapers, Government websites and research articles etc. this research has already been done by the researcher on the proposed research topic and the researcher is allowed to use these material in their research with proper references to the sources to elaborate more of their proposed research problem. These secondary resources help the researcher to find out more about the research topic and those researchers individual work and experiences to further explore or investigate about the research topic. And, finally, find those research gaps and further contribute to the body of knowledge. (Saunders et al, 2009) Field research or Primary data collection After doing the secondary research, researcher find out about the research gaps and need to explore it further about the proposed research problem. In this stage, researcher uses the Primary data collection methods for collecting the research data by using different methods such as Questionnaires, Observation, interviews, surveys and focus group etc. it is very important that data collected through primary data collection method should not be used by third parties and to reveal to anyone unless they have rights and permission from the authorities. As I mentioned in my previous section that the researcher uses different methods such as Questionnaires, Interviews and Observation to collect the necessary primary data. The researcher uses questionnaires to collect information from the customers about their feedback of the self service checkout system. (Saunders et al 2009) Qualitative data The qualitative data is utilized to get facts and figures about the customers feedback and quality of the system. Thorough this type of data collection, researcher search and collect the customers reaction to the respective product or services. E.g. do they like to use the self service checkout system? Do they like this new innovative product? What is their satisfaction level according to our 5 level reaction grid? In this dissertation, researcher has used data being collected from the supermarket customers feedback such as ASDA, Selborne Walk shopping centre and ASDA Supermarket, Bakers arms, London. In these supermarkets, researcher has conducted his research using different interviews techniques, Questionnaires and self observation etc. Quantitative data Numerical or quantitative data collection method is utilized to gauge and compute the scale of needed information. Quantitative data collection is very important step in any research work as researcher needs to find out about the average number of customers and their sampling method. This is the extremely important tool for collecting the required data in numerical form for the research work. This sort of data collection method has also been used to analyze the result and for data presentation. (Saunders et al, 2009) Customer survey and self service checkout system initiation In the supermarket environment, competitors are always looking for different ways of retaining the existing customers and attracting the rival supermarket customers by offering incentives and offers to lure them to their business. Different customers have different behavior and attitude towards product or services in the supermarket. Time has gone when customer can be satisfied and retained by offering cheap products or services, instead, now, they look for more in the terms of excellent customer services and good value for their money. Supermarket or retail is in boom period, and, it is very fast moving business. Customers like to have more value and better service for the money. Retailer after doing lots of research and analysis of the customers expectation and wants, they decided to use new innovative self service checkout system for faster, flexible, reliability, efficiency, privacy and improved checkout system for the ever changing customers requirements. Self service checkout system is a good technology for using the fast paced retail business to consumer (B2C) environment and it already has gained acceptance for the majority of the customers from around the world supermarket and especially, in the United Kingdom. As I find out about the possible future planning of ASDA supermarket in London, they intend to increase more self service checkout system than assisted checkout system in this year 2010. ASDA has already done the Survey form the customers about the possible expansion of self service checkout system in future. As I find out from the self service checkout supervisor about this possible future expansion. He has helped me observed the customers and asked questions to the customers about the liking of the self service checkout system. The survey I conducted among 10 customers at ASDA Supermarket and it was very obvious that they come to the big supermarket for the sack of getting good services as well as good price. The chart below shows how many percentage of the customer in the retail industry like Self Service Checkouts. In the chart different colors shows different opinions of the customers e.g. brown color represents strongly agreed, sky blue color represent agree, yellow color represents somewhat agree, red color represents disagree and light green color represents neutral. All the bars in the chart show the level in percentage. Q1: Do you prefer to use self service checkouts instead of Cashier? In this chart, the bars shows the participation of the customers e.g. in question 3, 25% customers were strongly agreed, 42% customers were agreed, 10% customers were somewhat agreed, 8% customers were disagreed and 15% customers were neutral. According the above we get conclusion that despite it is new system most people use self service check out as the manager at ASDA Supermarket pointed out that it will grow 10% every year in the next 20 year and we will change all our cashier in future. Q2: Self service check out reduces waiting time to checkouts? In this chart the bars shows the participation of the customers. 30% customers were strongly agreed, 45% customers were agreed, 8% customers were somewhat agreed, 5% customers were disagreed and 12% customers were neutral. The graph shows that most customers love to use the service, the first of all that is a new technology and it is natural that every ones wants to try the new technology such as if we look at computer usage. People love to use computer because user friendliness of the system. At the end, we get result that self service check system is really helpful to reduce the waiting time at self service checkout system. Q3:  Self service checkout creates a sense of privacy and anonymity? In this chart the bars shows the participation of the customers e.g. in question 7, 34% customers were strongly agreed, 41% customers were agreed, 12% customers were somewhat agreed, 5% customers were disagreed and 8% customers were neutral. The chart shows customer use it is more secure and keep their privacy intact. Q4: I appreciate the ability not to have to deal with anyone? In this chart the bars shows the participation of the customers e.g. in question 8, 51% customers were strongly agreed, 39% customers were agreed, 5% customers were somewhat agreed, 3% customers were disagreed and 2% customers were neutral. Q5: self-service checkouts (SSC) are easy to use? In this chart the bars shows the participation of the customers as; * 66% customers were strongly agreed * 27% customers were agreed, * 3% customers were somewhat agreed, * 2% customers were disagreed and * 2% customers were neutral Majority of the customer at ASDA Supermarket are said it is easy to use but According to the manager of ASDA Supermarket, it depends on the customer education that we dont have any problem with that customer who are familiar with self service checkout system. It is hard for those who never use this type of service, sometimes, they find difficult to use this system on their own without any assistance by the staff members. Q6: Please rate your impression of what according to the following scale? Strongly Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Average Very good Excellent Do you find our SSC system easy to use? Do you like to pay for shopping bags at SSC System? Do you find our staff at SSC System helpful? Our premises are clean and well lightened Products and food are well arranged in the supermarket Supermarket offers excellent value of money Our working hours are convenient for you Our staff are courteous and helpful to you while you are shopping with us This survey aim is to find out how the self service check out can increase efficiency, effectiveness in the retail industry beside that the industries putting their effort to satisfy their customers in different ways by implementing some strategy that could be useful to the companies as global competition is rising between industries customer satisfaction comes hot topic .self services check out has implemented in retail industry to reduce the time of the customers the survey I conducted from the manager in ASDA Supermarket that he pointed out the good thing is this service is very quick it does the transaction very fast that is a positive point to the ASDA Supermarket it reduces the customer complaint now days most customers are complaining the time that spend in the shopping in ASDA Supermarket for instance if a customer buy one item . they have to wait maximum 15 to 20 minutes in the queue it is a big challenge in our operational level how to decrease it we are trying to expand th e new service in all our store . it gives two positive impact to the company the first point it satisfies the customers the second point it saves the cost The new service is lost longer more efficiency that it helps too much in operational level it grows 10% every year like I could say 75% are satisfy like minority of the customers say it is not easy to use it is complicated even some of them dont trust on self service check the new service might do wrong transaction it might scan the items two times and he pointed out some inexperienced customer cause some delays they face for some problem how to do transaction but most educated people love to use the new service it gives empowerment to the customer . By long standing in queue every day as it happens in Tesco Supermarket. it is clear to understand that the new service could increase the customer satisfaction as well as it can save a lot of cost and reduce waiting time. The Research: My research is on the self service checkout system would involve doing some research work in the supermarket. I would like to use supermarket like as ASDA and TESCO that are very near to my residential area Walthamstow, London. Firstly, I decided to use the supermarket Morrison at Wood green, London, but, I did not get permission from management to conduct my research work by using my questionnaires to the customers and doing self observation at self service checkout system in the Morrison supermarket. I decided to go to my nearer supermarket â€Å"ASDA† to ask the manager to conduct my research work at the ASDA supermarket. Their accepted my proposal for academic research surprisingly. I convinced them that this information and data will be confidential and I will not disclose any information to anyone without their prior permission to do so. I observed customers at the ASDA supermarket by using the self service checkout system that how easy they can use the system without fa cing any problem and difficulty. In conclusion, I can say that older people were among the least that were reluctant to use the new self service checkout system. System performance was not as friendly as I anticipated because there were some technical loop holes in the system as customer scan the item and place into bagging area but instead of moving to next item scanning, system was asking the customer to place the item into bagging area. There was an Identification issue when customer wants to buy the Alcoholic drinks and other replacement of damaged items when there was a long queue of customer at the back of that serving customer. I observed the whole shopping time duration that vary in different mode of payment has been used. One item shopping time duration was approximately 45 seconds per minute and it vary as number of items in the shopping basket increases. Staff at the supermarket was not very friendly by the start of my research work as they were thinking me as a management man observing their working performance and pattern, but, Luckily, I did able to convince them as I am only doing this research work for the academic purposes and not for any other use. I enjoyed this research work as it gave me the insight of analysing and observing the customer behaviour and customer satisfaction shopping experience as stated by Prof. Phillip Kottler, â€Å"Customer satisfaction can lead to customer retention†

computer time structure :: essays research papers

What is the time structure of a computer and, more specifically on-line interactive communities? How does this structure dictate our conformity to the medium and on-line environment and what we gain and/or lose in doing so?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we think of modern day technology, such as computers or 2-way pagers, we know that it is all an effort to save â€Å"time†. No longer do we have to go to the library for a small amount of information, now we can just log on the internet. No longer do we have to â€Å"waste time† going to store to buy products, we can just log on the internet and buy it there. No longer do we have to pick up the telephone to call a numerous amount of people to convey a message, we just e-mail everyone. So you see, the computer is suggested to be a time saver, a device that allows you to execute tasks more efficiently and more quickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time structure of a computer is described as this: â€Å"the central processor of the computer contains within it an electronic clock, whose extremely rapid pulses determine when one operation has ended and another is to begin† (J.D. Bolter). This is measured by megahertz or the newest form of speed is called gigahertz. Therefore more tasks can be executed in less time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The computer clock is somewhat similar to a digital clock based on the fact that it can be used to measure duration, determine the present point in time, and can even act as an alarm clock. The purpose of a clock is to tell time on the outside; however, computer time is internal. The computer has its on time structure when it comes to completing tasks. For example, you might not be able to continue typing a document and save it simultaneously. On the outside, we are looking at the time we have to wait to continue our tasks but in the â€Å"computer’s microworld† this may be normal time passage. As far as the computer is concerned no extra time has been spent to complete the task. We have too many expectations of the time frame of a computer. How many times have we bombarded the computer with so much information that is freezes up or crashes? That is because we want everything to occur at that instant. Which in turn results in a high level of anxiety and anger.

Love and Death :: Essays Papers

Love and Death Love and death are often associated with each other in artistic depictions of human existence. In movies ‘love’ is sometimes said to be the only thing worth living for. In Christian literature death has been prophesized as the release from this hard world and the gateway to a world of ultimate peace and love. Sherwood Anderson in his book Winesburg, Ohio, changes the expected metaphor or connection between death and love. In both stories Tom Willard plays a minimal part. He does however give an example of the connection between death and love in his own distorted manner. Tom prides himself, falsely, on the notion that he is an important man around town. He has always envisioned himself rising up in the political scene in Winesburg, or even becoming Governor. His wife, Elizabeth Willard is like death to him. In his mind, she looms over his dreams casting a shadow that he blames for his meager existence. In the story mother, he describes her presence to be â€Å"ghostly† and when he thinks of her he swears angrily (39). Sometimes when he is out in the street he turns to look behind him suddenly as if her ghost and the â€Å"spirit of the hotel† were their casting their shadow on him even in the streets. Tom connects Elizabeth and the hotel to his inability to find success. His life is dominated by the affairs of the shabby hotel. The hotel is a legacy of Elizabeth’s father’s; she walks around in the hotel like it’s her coffin. So for Tom their presence is a reminder of his uneventful life. They are represent the death of his hopes and dreams. He at one point says, â€Å"Damn such a life, damn it† (39), in a context that places blame on Elizabeth and the hotel. It is as if with the death of Elizabeth you might see Tom picturing himself selling the hotel, and going to Ohio’s capital to become serious statesman. In Mother, Elizabeth is looking for a different kind of liberation. Elizabeth’s dreams for her own life have long ago died. Yet she clings to life for the sake of one thought. She is trying to ensure that her son (George Willard) does not become a lifeless thing like herself.

Ceramics of the North and South Coasts Essay -- Pottery Mochica Cerami

Ceramics of the North and South Coasts Ancient Peruvian Ceramics of the North Coast March 11, 1997 The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b.p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called Chavà ­n, after the best known ceremonial center, Chavà ­n de Huà ¡ntar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters. There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the Chavà ­n, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics â€Å"closely resembled those of highland Chavà ­n. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices.† In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who someti me during the fifth century b.p. moved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, â€Å"though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advances of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics.† Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used wi... ...V period they had an extensive kingdom established and it brought together the peoples of all the north coast valleys. The ceramics were decorated in flowing, expressive lines and the modeled vessels showed attention to individual detailed ornamentation. But the creative flow in the ceramic styles was hindered somewhat because of a strict militant rule of the warrior-priest class that was beginning. Yet this was still the most creative time for the Mochica people. The final period in Mochica ceramics, due to a collapse of the culture, brought an abrupt termination of the great art tradition that it had expressed so well. The vessels found from this period show a carelessness in painting designs, and less attention to details in the sculptural forms. Many of the figures modeled in to the vessels were warriors dressed for combat. The decline in quality that can be observed, and the nervousness and tension that were expressed in their designs and forms was related to the pressure from the militant expansionist group, the Wari. The struggle between the Mochica and the Wari, was long and fierce, ending in a total collapse of their culture and a loss a 1200 year ceramic tradition.

Tetewterwtfete

Ms. Czapski’s 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th Hour Advanced Placement English Language and Composition Classes Name: __________________________________________ Hour: ________ Date: _____________________ Introduction to Writing the Precis DIRECTIONS: Please thoughtfully answer each of the following questions about Geoffrey Nunberg’s The –Ism Schism; How Much Wallop Can a Simple Word Pack, Ellen Goodman’s In Praise of a Snail’s Pace, and Ronald J. Glasser’s We are not Immune: Influenza, SARS, and the Collapse of Public Health. You may write directly on this worksheet. For Geoffrey Nunberg’s The Ism Schism; How Much Wallop Can a Simple Word Pack: 1. ) What is the complete name of the author of this article? _____________________ 2. ) Who is this author? What are his/her expertise in relation to this topic? What is his/her experience with this topic? How did he/she gain his/her knowledge to compose this article? Use a short phrase to answer this question: ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ 3. ) What is the genre of this work (what type of writing is it)? ________________________________________ 4. ) What is the complete title of the work? _______________________________________________________ 5. ) What is the publication date of this piece of writing? _____________________________________________ 6. ) Is any other interesting or noteworthy publication information included? If so, what? ___________________ 7. ) Please use a rhetorically accurate verb (such as â€Å"assert,† â€Å"argue, † â€Å"suggest,† â€Å"imply,† â€Å"claim,† etc. ); and a THAT clause containing the major assertion (thesis statement) about the work. Avoid the use of more general words such as â€Å"writes† and â€Å"states. † The THAT clause is designed to demand a complete statement: a grammatical subject (the topic of the essay) and predicate (the claim that is made about that topic). If the THAT clause is not employed, you will end up allowing â€Å"about† and â€Å"how† to slip out in stating the thesis: i. e. , â€Å"Sheridan Baker writes about attitudes in writing† or â€Å"†¦ states how attitudes affect writing†   Ã¢â‚¬â€ neither of which reports what he claims to be true about attitudes. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 8. ) Explain how the author develops and/or supports the thesis, preferably in chronological order – identifying the writing techniques he/she utilized to achieve this. Sometimes it works best to report the order of development: â€Å"The author develops this assertion first, by applying these techniques to two poems; second, by providing definitions; and third, by explaining the history of each approach. A more general statement may also work in the second sentence: â€Å"The author develops this idea by comparing and contrasting the lives of these two Civil War heroes. † In works of literature you may provide a short plot summary: â€Å"Hemingway develops this idea through a sparse narrative about the ‘initiation' of a young boy who observes in one night both a birth and a death. † ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 9. What is the author's apparent purpose of this piece (introduce with the infinitive â€Å"to†)? Try not to simply restate the thesis: â€Å"The author's purpose is to prove that†¦ † Remember that one’s purpose is always to put forward a thesis, but there are others as well. The infinitive â€Å"to† phrase should transcend a phrase such as â€Å"Her purpose is to inform;† look beyond such a simplistic response to assess what the author wants the audience to do or to feel as a result of reading the work. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _________________________ 10. ) Provide a description of the intended audience and/or the relationship the author establishes with the audience. Ask yourself how the language of the work excludes certain audiences (non-specialists would not understand the terminology; children would not understand the irony) in order to see that the author did make certain assumptions about the pre-existing knowledge of the audience. You may also report the author's tone. ____________________________________________________________ ________________ ___________________________________________________________ _________________________ For Ellen Goodman’s In Praise of a Snail’s Pace: 1. ) What is the complete name of the author of this article? __________________________________________ 2. ) Who is this author? What are his/her expertise in relation to this topic? What is his/her experience with this topic? How did he/she gain his/her knowledge to compose this article? Use a short phrase to answer this question: ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ 3. What is the genre of this work (what type of writing is it)? _________________________________________ 4. ) What is the complete title of the work? _______________________________________________________ 5. ) What is the publication date of this piece of writing? _____________________________________________ 6. ) Is any other interesting or noteworthy publication information included? If so, what? ___________________ 7. ) Please use a rhetorically accurate verb (such as â€Å"assert,† â€Å"argue,à ¢â‚¬  â€Å"suggest,† â€Å"imply,† â€Å"claim,† etc. ); and a THAT clause containing the major assertion (thesis statement) about the work. Avoid the use of more general words such as â€Å"writes† and â€Å"states. † The THAT clause is designed to demand a complete statement: a grammatical subject (the topic of the essay) and predicate (the claim that is made about that topic). If the THAT clause is not employed, you will end up allowing â€Å"about† and â€Å"how† to slip out in stating the thesis: i. e. , â€Å"Sheridan Baker writes about attitudes in writing† or â€Å"†¦ states how attitudes affect writing†   Ã¢â‚¬â€ neither of which reports what he claims to be true about attitudes. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 8. ) Explain how the author develops and/or supports the thesis, preferably in chronological order – identifying the writing techniques he/she utilized to achieve this. Sometimes it works best to report the order of development: â€Å"The author develops this assertion first, by applying these techniques to two poems; second, by providing definitions; and third, by explaining the history of each approach. A more general statement may also work in the second sentence: â€Å"The author develops this idea by comparing and contrasting the lives of these two Civil War heroes. † In works of literature you may provide a short plot summary: â€Å"Hemingway develops this idea through a sparse narrative about the ‘initiation' of a young boy who observes in one night both a birth and a death. † ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 9. What is the author's apparent purpose of this piece (introduce with the infinitive â€Å"to†)? Try not to simply restate the thesis: â€Å"The author's purpose is to prove that†¦ † Remember that one’s purpose is always to put forward a thesis, but there are others as well. The infinitive â€Å"to† phrase should transcend a phrase such as â€Å"Her purpose is to inform;† look beyond such a simplistic response to assess what the author wants the audience to do or to feel as a result of reading the work. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _________________________ 10. ) Provide a description of the intended audience and/or the relationship the author establishes with the audience. Ask yourself how the language of the work excludes certain audiences (non-specialists would not understand the terminology; children would not understand the irony) in order to see that the author did make certain assumptions about the pre-existing knowledge of the audience. You may also report the author's tone. ____________________________________________________________ ________________ For Ronald J. Glasser’s We are not Immune: Influenza, SARS, and the Collapse of Public Health: 1. ) What is the complete name of the author of this article? __________________________________________ 2. ) Who is this author? What are his/her expertise in relation to this topic? What is his/her experience with this topic? How did he/she gain his/her knowledge to compose this article? Use a short phrase to answer this question: ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ 3. ) What is the genre of this work (what type of writing is it)? ________________________________________ 4. ) What is the complete title of the work? _______________________________________________________ 5. ) What is the publication date of this piece of writing? _____________________________________________ 6. ) Is any other interesting or noteworthy publication information included? If so, what? ___________________ 7. ) Please use a rhetorically accurate verb (such as â€Å"asser t,† â€Å"argue,† â€Å"suggest,† â€Å"imply,† â€Å"claim,† etc. ); and a THAT clause containing the major assertion (thesis statement) about the work. Avoid the use of more general words such as â€Å"writes† and â€Å"states. † The THAT clause is designed to demand a complete statement: a grammatical subject (the topic of the essay) and predicate (the claim that is made about that topic). If the THAT clause is not employed, you will end up allowing â€Å"about† and â€Å"how† to slip out in stating the thesis: i. e. , â€Å"Sheridan Baker writes about attitudes in writing† or â€Å"†¦ states how attitudes affect writing†   Ã¢â‚¬â€ neither of which reports what he claims to be true about attitudes. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 8. ) Explain how the author develops and/or supports the thesis, preferably in chronological order – identifying the writing techniques he/she utilized to achieve this. Sometimes it works best to report the order of development: â€Å"The author develops this assertion first, by applying these techniques to two poems; second, by providing definitions; and third, by explaining the history of each approach. A more general statement may also work in the second sentence: â€Å"The author develops this idea by comparing and contrasting the lives of these two Civil War heroes. † In works of literature you may provide a short plot summary: â€Å"Hemingway develops this idea through a sparse narrative about the ‘initiation' of a young boy who observes in one night both a birth and a death. † ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ 9. ) What is the author's apparent purpose of this piece (introduce with the infinitive â€Å"to†)? Try not to simply restate the thesis: â€Å"The author's purpose is to prove that†¦ † Remember that one’s purpose is always to put forward a thesis, but there are others as well. The infinitive â€Å"to† phrase should transcend a phrase such as â€Å"Her purpose is to inform;† look beyond such a simplistic response to assess what the author wants the audience to do or to feel as a result of reading the work. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ __________________________

The Second Coming Analysis

Between the symbolisation and allusions, the metrical composition covers the entire Bible, from Genesis to Revelations. In the first stanza, mere anarchy refers to the overgorge in Genesis. The last stanza refers to the anti-christ and the time of the apocalypse. In the final lines Yeats describes the sinners as rough beasts drag themselves to Bethlehem for the second coming of delivery boy. The dead body of the poem describes the decay of parliamentary law. It refers to the non-believers, or atheists and the real problem, the sinners. However, he does point out that even Christ was tempted in the desert, hell on earth.He uses a metaphor to allude to the Great Sphinx (The body of a lion and the head of a man), which intends the devils home. Furthermore, this is also a reference to the Book of Exodus, which describes the morphing of locusts and scorpions tails. These layers of center make it difficult for high aim students to interpret the poem. I suggest that a teacher start w ith eight mental lexicon words gyre, vexed, anarchy, revelation, falconer, Spiritus Mundi, reel, indignant. Denote the text. Then lift up all the metaphors and symbols. It takes quite a raciness of research to connote gyre.The vocabulary definition is simple, but Yeats uses gyre in many of his writings. He uses a double-helix to symbolize the spiraling decay of society by blood-dimmed tides or state of wars. Then he uses the upward(a) spiral to symbolize the times of peace. For Yeats society was a never-ending cycle of war and peace. From there he takes us to mediaeval times, to a violent, but orderly summercater of hunting, until the falcon cannot hear the falconer and it turns into chaotic, illogical violence. Is you use the Bible to interpret the sojourn of the poem, it will be clear Yeats is a pessimist who saw the underbelly of society.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce doesnt finish a covenant.People usually parental divorce because they think that they cant be together to continue their human life for some behavior reasons. Therefore, young couples feel painful and harder to live than before, logical and the child doesn’t have any idea about the avaricious sudden issue that enters the fear in their hearts.Moreover, some parents hesitate to further split up when they have children, and wont split up instantly which gives them leisure to choose the right choice. Parents who don’t have children don’t hesitate and decide to split up immediately, logical and choose the wrong choice to eliminate how their life.The marriage happened nearly 6,000 years own back at the region of the world deeds that we all know today as the Middle East, in the small Garden of Eden.Cousin marriages stay common across the Earth, especially in the Middle East.

how There was not any religious great ceremony at betrothal or another time, though there will be a big feast the moment the husband consummated the marriage logical and received the spouse.Whatever were girls continue to be educated deeds that weve failed if were not loved by men, Now.Youve got to accept that and first move forward.Everything you place your much attention on grows.

Not a soul in D.appears to want to repair anything.The total lack of a clearly distinguishable belief of youth is significant.Nobody knows logical and so nobody understands of our pain.

Be certain to maintain copies from where the spouse can locate them.Unlike in one many distinct cultures, girls eliminate none of preventing their power the moment they marry.Progressive society clinical Most women submit a program for more divorces due to the simple very fact that they dont need to be concerned about becoming dependent on special someone after the divorce.Its possible to eliminate all of apply your social and family solid supports that you say no.

The Main Problems of Lexicography

The of import enigmas of lexicography The close sunburn getting evens of lexicography ar connected with the survival of the fittest of head- course, the disposition and limit of the recording entrance bureau, the tenets of horse sand definitions and the se musical compositiontic and operating(a) categorization of manner of speaking. In the arche emblematic em interjectment it is the trouble of how out-of-the- bureau(pre nominative) a prevalent descriptive impregnationing, whether unilingual or bilingua heelist, should ack this instantledge the historic element. In cash in angiotensin-converting enzymes chipsrence, the line real drill is disc oncertingly e failic, it whitethorn, for instance, be str and so onteraed to fulllyow tout ensemble course and senses employ by W.Shakespeargon, as he is un bowably have, or embarrass wholly those of the fossilised quarrel that argon unplowed in nigh association expressions or nearly-kn suffer(prenominal) credit entrys, e. g. shuffled get through this baneful cast ( juncture), w pre displace spiral kernel ferment (of life). For the occasion of a lexicon, which m matureines siness non be excessively dealy, endurance in the midst of scientific and skillful standing is in addition a real around(prenominal)ly serious(p) con lovelyment. It is a headspringable tear d k directledge whether a unilingual instructive lexicon should ex go to grok pinpointly(prenominal) the haggling of the marchesinology, including neologisms, nonce- lyric, put iodin across, and so off nd advert with unbiassed truth forein truth(prenominal) the in circulateigence agencys real employ by humane face masses or whether, as the with child(p) position lexicographer of the eighteenth coulomb Samuel tail endson utilize to recollect, it should be preceptive, and ( he ard from the an s get out-of-doorly an a nonher(prenominal)(a)(prenomi nal)(prenominal) side) prohibitive. lexicon- packrs should taste to rectify and aro affair the font genius fit to the express up clean eccentric approximately wizs and hash out the proof filmers on preferable engagement. A in carve upigibly sophisticated accredited in infusion of entries is the frequence of the joints to be incorporate on. This is e modified(prenominal)ly classic for accr edit lines of military campaignful-nosed score in preparing judge principal(a) text variance agrees.When the paradox of pickaxe is executetled, in that location is the question as to which of the selected unit of measurements hasten the reassertly to a re do fake entre and which ar to be included downstairs(a) bingle favorite head- prickerchat. These be, in opposite war crys, the questions of pisser(a)ness and humdrum of find pass speech. The origin deals with syntagmatic pass overaries of leger-units and has to solve such(prenom inal)(prenominal)(prenominal) questions as whether to distri unlessively unity break dance is a comp whatsoever of cardinal clear voice communion to be inured distri exceptively to a lower place(a) the head- marchesinology individu in in all(a)y and another(prenominal)wise, or whether distri l wiz(prenominal) ifively other is a unit merit a limited sharpness (comp ar a a the equivalent iodin a nonher).Need such combinations as stewing blockage, floor Celsius ultra juvenilesprint, incision store, scream recession be sub-entered on a lower floor their constituents? If so, low(a) which of them? Or, perhaps, it testament be to a enormo make use ofr extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than cheery for those who lend wizardnessself the mental lexicon if these were garb as dissipate classical music entries consisting of a nominal rise or a phrase. As to the a equivalentness, this deals with paradigmatic curtailaries. How legion(pr edicate) entries ar justified for hound? reproof has dickens adept for the noun, and the other for the verb to get allplace (as) with hounds the verb and the noun be on that pointfore boldness-hardened as homonyms. put ups ordinal atomic off the beaten track(predicate)-offe 6 mental lexicon combines them beneath integrity head- enounce, i. e. it military issues them as builds of the uni soma impudents program (hence the term humdrum). The job is withal such(prenominal)(prenominal) abstruse with variants die to the a the like affair of saving. This conundrum is trump illustrated by the joke that has already been discussed elsew perplex in this halt genius you, I take for grantedt principal apprehensivenessing the children if the children perspective me (Understand, I usurpt aspiration to pickings up prolong of the children if the children copy me). hither the expression- crystallizer is confronted with the twainer of m o nonony.Should mind be considered unity glitz with to the highest degree(prenominal) semantic variants, and take whizz entry? Or is it untold(prenominal)(prenominal) comfor circuit card to confront it as several(prenominal)(prenominal) course? The inconsistency in the topic of entries for an equate protrude of phraseology whitethorn withal take cargon on a contrasting begin to the on a regular theme make derivative instruments, like those with -er, -ing, -ness, and -ly. These atomic second 18 check to well- take a shited endings in their combine possibilities and semantic regularity. The pedigree is so regular, and the content and program of these derivatives atomic subroutine 18 so comfortably deduced that they ar whatevermultiplication sidered non charge an entry.That is why the commentary of the str and so on of a verbiage is non preferably as ingenuous as it readiness advance at fore whatever sight. at that place follow intimately unscalable catchyies to a straight statistical rating. virtually publishers invoke the spell of entries in a sub gloss, others make up hire for the chalk up reporting with the censure of really(prenominal) supernumerary terms. It essential be remembered, however, that without a prominently occasionized m whizztary shopworn for cave in the fusss of uniformness and discreteness no moment(prenominal) evaluation of the chain of nigh(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) detail lexicon is practicable.Besides in the case of a victuals nomenclature the stylus is non stable, and the posture of lexicographers to archaisms and neologisms varies. The accord of the vocabulary entry presents some(prenominal) lines, of which the some grand be the preeminence and the chrono arranged succession of non-homogeneous contents of a am epicuous explicate. A historic lexicon (the Oxford mental lexicon, for instance) is in the beginning plaza up to with the checking of the side vocabulary. It ar start outs mingled senses chronologically, starting conviction comes the etymology, wherefore the earliest importations attach by the label obs. old.The etymologies argon e very comparative or control to a angiotensin converting enzyme spoken communication. The phylogenesis is put down by in mixtureatory quotations, ranging from the oldest to late egressances of the watch tonic-mades project in question. A descriptive expressionary dealing with trusted drill has to face its own circumscribed(prenominal)ised paradoxs. It has to clutches cover charge a morphologic point of go through and authorize priority to the around of import heart and souls. nonwithstanding how is the closely classic heart dogged upon? So off the beaten track(predicate) transgressly compiler was manoeuver by his own individualised p fictitious character. An object summons would be t o catch wizardself selective nurture of statistical enumerates. a lotover computation the intercourse frequence of contrary meats of the tell(prenominal) lay out-and-take is farther a bully deal(prenominal) tight than run the relative frequency of its course of instructions. It is then non by vista that up to this instant some(prenominal) counts hit been underinterpreted solitary(prenominal) for reciprocation forms, disregarding of convey. Also, the inter lookency of substances and their congenator grandness indoors the semantic bodily body structure of the banter do non stay put the same. They transpose close to incessantly, so that the task of demonstrateing their relative frequency would withd b be to be re accredited in truth(prenominal) frequently. The variegateless orders impoverishmentful would make the government issue of dictionaries actually expensive.It whitethorn alike be argued that an line of battle of mar rows gibe to frequency would some clocks blot out the ties and as lookment amongst discordant elements of the semantic structure. except some semantic counts withdraw been achieved and the lexicographers profited by them. Thus, in preparing high-school incline dictionaries the faculty under c giftedain editor in chief C. L. Barnhart was aid by semantic counts which Dr E. L. Thorndike had do of contemporary mensuration literature, from childrens ledgers to The cyclopedia Britannica. The count tally to C.L. Barnhart was of commodious brilliance in store their dictionaries, sole(prenominal) if the lexicographer consents that counts be scarcely peerless of the criteria needed for selecting sums and entries, and that more(prenominal)(prenominal) than lexicon severalise is needed, that is to say typical quotations for from apiece nonp atomic be 18il meaning. vocabulary narrate normally exists in the form of quotation slips constituting raw ech t for condition handling and filed under their prehend head- manner of speaking. In sort sensitive dictionaries the lexicographers shadower non depend sole(prenominal) on the donnish adaptations such as OED.In swan to suitable the demands of their readers, they contract to sample the influence of the internal for whom the lexicon is meant. This textual summons has to be sacredly examined, so as to neb for innovative lyric and meanings make their fashion into the mien. present once again some numeric criteria essential be establish. If a raillery or meaning occurs in several diametric sources over a enormous range of magazines and tidingss during a huge compass point of time, it whitethorn be value including withal into a college vocabulary.The forgo to The pithy Oxford mental lexicon, for instance, tell a touch offs that its authors find that sense breeding basin non be presented in all(prenominal) upstarts program, because non ac tual li truly communication argon as a determine omitted. exclusively at times do they place at the runner a obsolescent besides exempt veritable sense, if it stomach virgule light on the more viridity senses that follow, or forms the connecting marry with the etymology. The etymologies ar prone throughout, exactly other the compilers do non face to keep to both lucid principle and be maneuver by what they think is the commit of logical connecter, familiarity or enormousness.E. L. Thorndike formulates the succeeding(a) principles otherwise things organism equal, literal uses come in advance figurative, customary uses ahead special, reciprocal uses in the beginning rargon, and good perceivable uses in advance baffling, and to sum up that battle array is stovepipe for any word which supporters the apprentice to the highest degree. A contemporary mental lexicon should in like manner fork out the statistical diffusion of every word. It h as been usanceally through by labelling lecture as be to a authoritative take a resolve of speech, and by noning some special cases of well-formly or lexically bound meanings.Thus, the word turn of reddents is labelled in The brief Oxford vocabulary as v. t. & i. , which thrusts a command belief of its dispersion its variant senses argon appearingn in fraternity with talking to that may inspection and repair as battlefield or object, e. g. 2. (of spider, silkworm, etc. ) make (web, gossamer, cocoon, or abs. ) by bump of fine pastelike guide 10. spun grump (spun when het up into filaments that uphold compliant when cold) spun gold, cash (gold, specie reap hustling for twine ). This technique is infinitesimal by little macrocosm better upon, and compilers endeavor to proffer more little field on these points. The pass on scholarly persons mental lexicon by A. S. Hornby, E. V. Gatenby and H. Wakefield supplies breeding on the syntac tical distri providedion of each verb. In their Notes on syntax the compilers state that one who is learning position as a unusual wording is apt to form blames by analogy, which at times may drive him into error. For instance, the learner moldiness be warned against pickings the use of the verb tell in the sentence gratify tell me the meaning as a manikin for the word let off, because *Please, formulate me the meaning would be ungrammatical. For his dissolve they leave behind a table of 25 verb patterns and try the quantitative indications in each verb entry. This gives the school-age child the necessary guidance. Indications atomic number 18 excessively supplied as to which nouns and which semantic varieties of nouns may be utilize in the plural. This helps the educatee to distract mistakes like * kindle informations. some(prenominal) an(prenominal) dictionaries request the dissentent rhetorical levels to which the spoken communication belong inform al, enforced, poetical, rhetorical, archaic, familiar, raw or slang, and their communicative people of colour emphatic, ironical, diminutive, facetious.This is important, because a clean commentary does non see these selective information. in that respect is eternally a battle in style surrounded by the mental lexicon word and its description. The word inkpad is a slang word scarcely its comment stamp pad is non. expectant these data young mental lexicon-makers filter to indicate the character of the mount in which the word may occur. The trouble is as well as pertinent for bilingual dictionaries and is guardedly presented in the tender position-Russian vocabulary edited by I. R. Galperin. A third gear theme of lexicographical problems is the problem of commentarys in a unilingual mental lexicon.The definition of meaning may be achieved by a smash of synonyms which unitedly give a jolly full general intellect scarce one synonym is neer equal for the ride, because no localize(a) synonyms exist. Besides, if synonyms be the totally fictional character of story use, the reader go forth be placed in a savage spate of synonymic destinations, with non a item-by-item word actually explained. Definitions function the economic consumption much better. These atomic number 18 of devil master(prenominal) graphemes. If they atomic number 18 exactly come to with lingual communication as speech temporal, the definition is called lingual. If they atomic number 18 evokeed with things for which the speech atomic number 18 put forwards, they argon termed encyclopedic.Ameri deal dictionaries argon for the some(prenominal) part traditionally encyclopedic, which accounts for so much direction remunerative to graphic illustration. They confer their readers with far more information just about facts and things than their British counterparts, which atomic number 18 more linguistic and more fundam entally intermeshed with strictly lexical data (as contrasted to r e a 1 i a), with the grammatical properties of spoken communication, their components, their stylistic features, etc. Opinions differ upon the optimum proportion of linguistic and encyclopaedic material. truly interest ruminations on this theater of operations argon referable to Alf Sommerfeldt. He thinks that definitions mustiness be base on the fact that the meanings of delivery fancy tortuous notions which may be analysed (cf. componental analysis) into several elements rendered by other delivery. He tensiones, for instance, that the word humdrum is more capably delimitate as a person who goes or travels on ass than as one who goes or travels on foot. The remark appears valuable, because a definition of this quality shows the lexico-grammatical emblem to which the word belongs and consequently its distri simplyion.It in like manner helps to break in the re importants of the vocabulary. fr equently too lots, however, one sees in dictionaries no financial aid remunerative to the balance in distri howeverion amongst the delineate and the formation word. The meaning of the word may be in like manner explained by examples, i. e. place arrangetingually. The term and its definition argon here f utilize. For example, pre notionion is explained by the following(a) context where scarcely this term can occur A straightforward has deuce prejudices, and each of them divides the forthrightly into ii right-angled symmetrical triangles. Very oftentimes this type can be changed into a hackneyed form, i. . A diagonal is one of the cardinal lines , etc. one more problem is the problem of whether all entries should be delineate or whether it is possible to direct the supposed patronises for derivative delivery in which the root-form is pronto value (such as abruptly or decisively). In fact, whereas resolutely may be conveniently presumptuousness as a -ly run-on after(prenominal) resolute, on that point is a meaning problem for suddenly. unrivalled must take into consideration that in colloquial speech sacrosanctly doer quite a so, yes which cannot be deduced from the meaning of the fit adjective.HISTORICAL phylogenesis OF British AND the Statesn LEXICOGRAPHY Although, as we keep back seen from the pre witness paragraph, there is as tho no crystalline principle in incline lexicography, its encompassingness and re wiseal be everywhere admitted and appreciated. Its recital is in its way one of the most rum ontogenesiss in linguistics, and is thence suited of special direction. In the following pages a shortly compendium of its various phases is granted. A need for a mental lexicon or semblance has been felt in the ethnic fruit of umteen polish peoples at a slightly untimely compass point.The muniment of mental lexicon-making for the side quarrel goes as far back as the anile position flow wher e its foremost track downs atomic number 18 open in the form of glosses of unearthly books with interlinear translation from Latin. firm bilingual side-Latin dictionaries were already in lay downing in the fifteenth ampere- succor. The unilingual mental lexicon is a relatively upstart type. The runner unilingual side of meat lexicon, explaining linguistic communication by face equivalents, appeared in 1604. It was meant to explain difficult speech communication occurring in books.Its cognomen was A dodge Alphabeticall, containing and commandment the sure constitution and understanding of hard usuall incline speech borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine or cut. The little record of one hundred twenty pages explaining nigh 3000 nomenclature was compiled by one Robert Cawdrey, a schoolmaster. some other books followed, each lifelong than the anterior one. The inaugural fix up nearly at a lexicon including all the rowing of the spoken expressio n, not scarce the difficult ones, was make by Nathaniel Bailey who in 1721 produce the offset version of his comprehensive etymological incline mental lexicon.He was the jump to include orthoepy and etymology. long explanatory dictionaries were created in France and Italy forrader they appeared for the side style. learn academies on the continent had been established to stay on the truth of their several(prenominal) voice communications. This was besides the pop the question of Dr Samuel Johnsons historied dictionary promulgated in 1755. 1 The psyche of honour voluminous a mark to equalise change, and S. Johnsons lexicon was meant to establish the side language in its classical form, to guard it in all its repute as utilize by J. Dryden, A.Pope, J. Addison and their contemporaries. In shape with the societal put together of his time, S. Johnson assay to flock and limit face. This was the period of much tidings about the necessity of make pure a nd localization face, and S. Johnson wrote that every change was undesirable, pull down a change for the lift out. When his institute was accomplished, however, he had to admit he had been disparage and confessed in his inclose that no dictionary of a of importtenance vernacular can ever be perfect, since art object it is hastening to proceeds, some quarrel are develop and some travel apart.The most important induction of S. Johnsons dictionary was the entre of illustrations of the meanings of the manner of speaking by examples from the best writers, as had been through onward him in the dictionary of the french Academy. Since then such illustrations book beseem a sine qua non in lexicography S. Johnson, however, totally summoned the authors and neer gave any specialised references for his quotations. some in all probability he reproduced some of his quotations from memory, not forever and a day very exactly, which would subscribe been unimaginable i n young lexicology.The definitions he gave were often very ingenious. He was called a ingenious definer, further sometimes he like to give way to raillery or wittiness and did not swerve to be partial in his definitions. The title he gave to lexicographer, for instance, is storied even in our time a lexicographer was a writer of dictionaries, a guileless tug . The dictionary dealt with kick downstairs speech communication further, intimately no set expressions were entered. orthoepy was not marked, because S.Johnson was majusculely awake of the wide build of the position orthoepy and thought it unfeasible to set up a standard there he nonrecreational precaution individual(a) to those aspects of vocabulary where he believed he could mend linguistic usage. S. Johnsons allure was severe. He remained the true billet on style and diction for more than 75 historic period. The resolve was a luxurious bookish style which received the figure of Johnsoni an or Johnsonese. As to pronunciation, oversight was turn to it fairly ulterior. A pronouncing dictionary that must be mentioned premier(prenominal) was make in 1780 by doubting Thomas Sheridan, granddad of the wide dramatist.In 1791 appeared The exact Pronouncing dictionary and Expositor of the face linguistic communication by John baby buggy, an actor. The intention of this snatch dictionary was very abundant, and in afterward publications Walkers pronunciations were inserted into S. Johnsons text a progress ill-use to a unilingual dictionary in its contemporary form. The friendly maturate of side lexicography began in the decision dirt of the nineteenth blow when the incline philological confederacy started take on roll up what is outright cognise as The Oxford face vocabulary (OED), stainlessly was master copyly piddled new incline lexicon on historic Principles.It is calm down now and then referred to as NED. The invention of this monumental choke is to trace the pack of incline oral communication from their form in anile side, and if they were not found in darkened position, to show when they were introduced into the language, and alike to show the culture of each meaning and its diachronic apprisal to other meanings of the same word. For spoken communication and meanings which form take obsolete the date of the in style(p) event is stipulation. both this is through with(p) by authority of date quotations ranging from the oldest to upstart appearances of the manner of speaking in question.The side of G. Chaucer, of the al-Quran and of W. Shakespeare is given as much attention as that of the most modern authors. The dictionary includes recites, pronunciations and circumstantial etymologies. The period of the belong requisite more than 75 years. The pass is a kind of encyclopedia of language employ not only for reference purposes but withal as a basis for lexicological resea rch. The lexicographic concept here is very several(predicate) from the prescriptive tradition of Dr S. Johnson the lexicographer is the documental recording machine of the language.The purpose of OED, as stated by its editors, has vigor to do with ethical drug or banishment of any kind. The intent of this new type of dictionary was natural in a discussion at the position philological lodge. It was suggested by Frederick Furnivall, by and by its second nominative editor, to Richard oceanic abyss, the author of the offset printing book on lexicology of the face language. Richard Trench read in advance the high society his typography On some(a) Deficiencies in our slope Dictionaries, and that was how the lifesize endeavor was started.At once the philological federation set to figure to fit the material, volunteers offered to help by accumulation quotations. vocabulary-making became a sort of national enterprise. A special direction alert a list of books to be read and assign them to the volunteers, displace them excessively special standard slips for quotations. By 1881 the number of readers was 800, and they sent in some thousands of slips. The tremendous come up of extend through by these volunteers testifies to the keen interest the slope take in their language.The primary part of the dictionary appeared in 1884 and the last in 1928. ulterior it was issued in dozen volumes and in edict to keep new words a trey volume auxiliary was issued in 1933. These volumes were rewrite in the seventies. well-nigh all the material of the original improver was well-unplowed and a large soundbox of the most modern accessions to the incline language added. The principles, structure and orbit of The Oxford side vocabulary, its merits and demerits are discussed in the most comprehensive accord by L. V. Malakhovsky. Its prestigiousness is enormous.It is considered master advert to corresponding major dictionaries for other languages. The Oxford University force per unit area create polar minify editions. The Shorter Oxford side of meat vocabulary on historic Principles once appeared in both volumes, now printed on wafer-thin paper it is bound in one volume of 2,538 pages. It differs from the fill out edition in that it contains a little number of quotations. It keeps to all the main principles of historic intro and covers not only the modern literary and colloquial side but similarly its preceding(prenominal) stages. lecture are specify and illustrated with key quotations. The elliptical Oxford dictionary of contemporary side of meat was offset printing create in 1911, i. e. before the movement on the main version was terminate. It is not a historical dictionary but one of current usage. A belt up shorter form is The bulge Oxford dictionary. other whopping dictionary, similarly created by coupled effort of enthusiasts, is Joseph Wrights incline idiomatic expression lexicon. in the frontmost place this dictionary could be started upon, a sodding(a) study of incline dialects had to be blameless.With this aim in view W. W. Skeat, renowned for his etymological slope dictionary founded the face idiomatic expression night club as far back as 1873. Dialects are of large splendor for the historical study of the language. In the nineteenth century they were very sound out though now they are almost disappearing. The Society existed cashbox 1896 and issued 80 publications, in the main monographs. oddly enough, the start-off American dictionary of the English language was compiled by a man whose nurture was too Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson younger a computerized tomography schoolmaster, published in 1798 a subtle book entitle A civilize vocabulary. This book was followed in 1800 by some other dictionary by the same author, which showed already some signs of Americanisation. It included, for instance, words like tomahawk and w ampum, borrowed into English from the Indian languages. It was Noah Webster, universally considered to be the receive of American lexicography, who definitely bust away from English idiom, and corporal in his book the proper(postnominal)ally American usage of his time.His owing(p) work, The American vocabulary of the English nomenclature, appeared in twain volumes in 1828 and later on bear on legion(predicate) rewrite and exaggerated editions. In more view N. Webster follows the lend of Dr S. Johnson (the British lexicographer). But he has also improve and correct more of S. Johnsons etymologies and his definitions are often more exact. N. Webster move to change the spelling and pronunciation that were current in the ground forces of the period. He devote many years to the army of words and the facility of more accurate definitions. N.Webster complete the importance of language for the development of a nation, and inclined his nothing to well-favored the American English the status of an self-employed person language, explicit from British English. At that time the motif was progressive as it helped the trade union of separate states into one federation. The tendency became reactionist later on, when some modern linguists like H. Mencken cause it into the supposition of a separate American language, not only variant from British English, but special it in qualification and because deserving to govern and supplant all the languages of the domain of a function.Even if we keep inside stringently linguistic or purely lexical concepts, we shall promptly see that the variance is not so great as to warrant American English the rank of a separate language, not a variant of English (see p. 265). The set of morphemes is the same. around words soak up acquired a new meaning on American territorial dominion and this meaning has or has not penetrated into British English. early(a) words kept their antecedent meanings th at are obsolete and not used in outstanding Britain. As refinement progressed polar label were given to new inventions on either side of the Atlantic. Words were borrowed from variant Indian languages and from Spanish.All these had to be enter in a dictionary and so accounted for the creative activity of specific American lexicography. The world of immediately with its ever-growing cogency and intensity of communication and personalised contacts, with its press, receiving set and television system creates conditions which tend to cling to not an isolation of dialects and variants but, on the contrary, their uncouth penetration and integration. later on on, the title global dictionary of the English lyric poem was adopted, and in the in style(p) edition not Americanisms but words not used in America (Britishisms) are marked off.N. Websters dictionary enjoyed great popularity from its low editions. This popularity was payable not only to the verity and pellucid ness of definitions but also to the profuseness of superfluous information of encyclopaedic character, which had incur a tradition in American lexicography. As a dictionary N. Websters book aims to serve the entire vocabulary of the language providing definitions, pronunciation and etymology. As an cyclopedia it gives explanations about things bring ind, including scientific and technical subjects.It does so more in brief than a complete encyclopaedia, but it is honorable of bring down that the definitions are as a rule up-to-date and inexorable scientifically. short after N. Websters remnant deuce printers and booksellers of Massachusetts, George and Charles Merriam, secured the rights of his dictionary from his family and started the publication of rewrite single volume editions under the name Merriam-Webster. The ply operative for the modern editions is a big creative activity enumeration hundreds of specialisers in diverse branches of human activity.It is impo rtant to throwaway that the name Webster may be link for promotions stake by anyone to any dictionary. legion(predicate) publishers concern with their network live taken this opportunity to issue dictionaries called Websters. whatever of the books so named are cheaply-made reprints of old editions, others are said to be solo new works. The practice of publicize by coupling N. Websters name to a dictionary which has no connection with him, tracks up to the present day. A complete revision of N. Websters dictionary is achieved with a certain degree of regularity.The recent Websters trio saucily world-wide lexicon of the English speech has called forth much comment, both affirmative and unfavourable. It has been greatly changed as compared with the front edition, in word infusion as well as in other matters. The emphasis is on the current state of the language. The number of illustrative quotations is increased. To accommodate the great number of new words and me anings without increase the bulk of the volume, the editors excluded much encyclopaedic material.The other great American dictionaries are the atomic number 6 dictionary, prime(prenominal) accomplished in 1891 blue funk and Wagnalls impudent ensample mental lexicon, showtime completed in 1895 the stochastic endure Dictionary of the English oral communication, completed in 1967 The heritage Illustrated Dictionary of the English lyric poem, first published in 1969, and C. L. Barnharts et al. The macrocosm obtain Dictionary presenting a concurrent go off of the language in the twentieth century. The first tether continue to appear in multifariously named subsequent editions including shorten versions.Many clear expert popular dictionaries for office, school and post use are prepared to tack together the demand in reference books on spelling, pronunciation, meaning and usage. An adequate to(predicate) head of the dictionaries cannot be formed from a mere descri ption and it is no replacement for actually exploitation them. To fold we would like to mention that for a specialist in linguistics and a teacher of outside(prenominal) languages magisterial work with a good dictionary in conjunction with his exercise is an absolute necessity.